Qualitative Research or Quantitative Research Essay Example for Free

Qualitative Research or numerical Research EssayBoth qualitative and quantitative interrogation orders have their specific qualities which mystify them multipurpose to a researcher, however in the course of this short essay I will explain why, for several reasons, qualitative research is better. As some(prenominal) systems operate within diametric assumptions, it is important to stem criticism for each methods respective theoretical base in order to adequately judge them. In the course of this essay I will highlight each methods theoretical assumptions and then I will assess each method by pointing divulge their positive and negative factors. The underlying assumption behind qualitative research is that the entire subject needs to be examined in order to understand the phenomenon. Quantitative research however, places importance in collecting and analyzing data from parts of a trend and in so doing, can miss important aspects which could lead to a complete concord of th e whole phenomenon.Theres no such thing as qualitative data. Everything is either 1 or 0(Fred Kerlinger 1999)Unlike quantitative research, there is no overarching mannequin for how qualitative research should be conducted rather each type of qualitative research is guided by the particular philosophical stances that are collectn in relation by the research to each phenomenon (Miles Huberman 1994, p. 40) This enables qualitative research to be more involved with the subject at hand whereas quantitative research has the analogous rules which it applies to every subject proceeds, thus making it easier to overlook important evidence.As the researcher using qualitative methods becomes entirely immersed in the data collection stagecoach of the project, he himself actually becoming the data collection tool as opposed to the questionnaires and equipment used by quantitative researchers, it allows him to gain a better understanding of the subject matter as a whole and observe the subje ct in its own environmentHuman behaviour is significantly influenced by the displace in which it occurs thus one must study that behaviour in situations. The physical setting e.g., schedules, space, pay, and rewards and the internalized notions of norms, traditions, roles, and values are crucial contextual variables. Research must be conducted in the setting where allthe contextual variables are operating. (Marshall Rossman 1980)Quantitative research disregards these valuable contextual variables as most of the work is done in a laboratory with the researcher using the principles of impartiality and an objective portrayal of the subject.In conclusion, qualitative research is better than quantitative research because it places accent mark upon the subject itself by studying it in an in-depth manner and becoming involved with it on a personal level. Quantitative research keeps a level of impartiality with the subject matter thus making it neglect important contextual factors cruci al to the research itself.1.Using British Election Study data for example, why is it problematic to do quantitative research on ethnic minorities?It is problematic to do quantitative research on ethnic minorities because the standard deviation is so underage, thus the observations are paste out over a very small sample which would not accurately represent the entire ethnic group. There is such a small valid percent that subjects would need to be targeted as they are unlikely to be caught during random sampling.2.Providing either hypothetical and/or published examples, how accurate is it to mark inwardnessed epitome as a quantitative method?It is quite accurate to label content analysis as a quantitative method for several reasons. The comparisons of their theoretical patterns are numerous and therefore it has more in common with quantitative than qualitative methods. In the course of this short essay I will explain why it is accurate to label content analysis as a quantitative method by using an example of research employing content analysis and pointing out the similarities between the two.Content analysis has been described asAny technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying stipulate characteristics of messages (Holsti 1969 p. 14)Compare this with a definition of quantitative researchThe aim is to classify features, count them, and construct statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observed. It is objective seeks precise step analysis of target notions. (Miles Huberman 1994, p. 40)Both of these definitions contain the term objective, which shows that both of the methods share the core aspect of non-interference with subjectsContent analysis is often referred to as an unobtrusive method(Bryman 2008, p. 289)This key concept lies at the heart of both content analysis and quantitative research methods, it is an obvious similarity.In Shephards study of the dynamics between the party, candidates and constituenc ies he used content analysis on party leaflets to spot recurring trends. His method (content analysis) bears a striking resemblance to quantitative research, for example both methods begin with hypotheses and theories, Shephard choosing to ask whether emphasis in leaflets matches the profile of the constituents. He then made two hypotheses stating that -the higher the unemployment rate the higher the emphasis on jobs and job creation and the higher the legal residence ownership, the higher the emphasis on interest rates and mortgages. Quantitative research methods also start off with hypotheses and theories therefore it is clear to see that content analysis could be labelled quantitative due to this fact.Furthermore, both methods of research have a high level of transparency because they are both highly structured and systematic in their approach. Shephard stated that to conduct his analysis objectively and systematically (two quantitative features) that he had to identify his sam ple, sample period, text/images and what words and images to count. This shows that both content analysis and quantitative research share epistemologically grounded beliefs just about what constitutes acceptable knowledge (Bryman 2008, p. 155)In conclusion, it is accurate to label content analysis as a quantitative method due to the fact that it shares many features in common with quantitative research. These include, maintaining objectivity during the study, transparency and a systematic approach to research. These features indicate that content analysis is grounded in the same theoretical processes and philosophy as quantitative research.3.Providing examples of stress group research from the literature, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of tension groups.Focus groups are a highly useful method of data collection but they have many advantages and disadvantages. I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of focus groups in this essay and also consider real-life exampl es of focus group research to illustrate this.Focus groups can provide an insight into the way in which people organize and interpret knowledge as sanitary as how people construe information. This is especially useful in the study of audience reception- how audiences receive different kinds of television and radio programmes, etc. Such a study was conducted by Morley in 1980 into how Nationwide, a popular television programme at the condemnation, was received by specific groups of people. He noticed that different groups had different interpretations of the programmes which they had watched, which indicated that the meaning of the programme was based in the way it was watched and interpreted not in the programme itself. (Bryman 2008, 475) This provides more information that a primary interview because the interviewee has the survival to respond to fellow participants and argue with them, leading the researcher to gain a greater insight into why they hold such beliefs and how str ongly they feel about them.Another advantage of focus groups is that they can provide a more open environment to respond to questions by the way in which they are selected prior to the event. For example, Kitzinger notes in her research on HIV that any attempts at discussions about risks for gay men were blocked out by strong homophobic verbalise amongst homophobic men. (Kitzinger 1994b in Bloor, et al 2001, p. 20) Therefore focus groups consisting of specific groups such as male prostitutes, retirement club members, etc, provided a more relaxed environment in which views could be openly discussed without fear of being criticised for ones beliefs. In addition to this, organising groups consisting of only HIV positive people meant that disclosure of a potentially stigmatising status could be overcome. (Bloor 2001 p. 23)However focus groups also have their disadvantages, the most prominent one being the role of the researcher within the discussion- the way in which the focus group i s designed, the participants selected to take part, where the meeting takes place, how the questions are worded and delivered and who the instigator is may affect the responses which are obtained.This raisesthe question over the validity of the results as the researcher has less control over a focus group than he would over a one on one interview with respondents possibly talking amongst themselves on irrelevant issues, or the simple fact that they may get bored or have personality issues with other members of the group. (Walvis 2003 p. 405)Another disadvantage of focus groups is the tendency of researchers to (either consciously or subconsciously) pick groups so that they align with pre-determined beliefs about a subject. One famous example of this was when Coca-Cola launched New Coke in 1985 despite the fact that the focus groups had made it explicit that they would not like to see the traditional one C removed from the shelves. (Pendergast 1993 and Greising 1998)The taste-tests however had proved positive, but they had not been asked the vital question about how they would feel if traditional coke was removed from the shelves, this positive response was more in line with how the CEO of Coca-Cola felt about the product and it was launched based on the back of poorly conducted focus groups. The subsequent product was a massive failure and lost Coca-Cola a large share of the market it was obvious that Coca-Cola had spent too much time and money on the plan to dismiss it on the results from focus group research at the last minute.One final disadvantage of focus groups is their moderate spread of views Morgan (1998) suggests that the average size of a group should be around six to ten people. This clearly cannot be representative of the population as a whole- Stephen Fisher and Robert Andersen (2005) state that in order to have a representative sample for one million people you would need, with a margin of error of 5%, 384 participants.BibliographyBloor, M. et al. (2001) Focus Groups in Social Research (London Sage).Bryman, A. (2008) Social Research Methods (2nd Ed.) (Oxford Oxford University Press).Greising, D. (1998) Id Like the World to Buy a Coke The Life and Leadership of Robert Goizueta (New York Wiley)Holsti, O.R (1969) Content compendium for the Social Sciences and Humanities (Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley)Kerlinger, F. Foundations of Behavioural Research (Nova York Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1965)Marshall, C., Rossman, G. (1980). Designing qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA Sage.Miles Huberman (1994, p. 40). Qualitative Data AnalysisPendergast, M. (1993) For God, Country and Coca-Cola The Unauthorised history of the Worlds Most prevalent Soft Drink (London Weidenfeld Nicholson)Shephard, M. (2007) Multiple Audiences, Multiple Messages? An Exploration of the Dynamics between the Party, the Candidates and the Various Constituencies, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and PartiesWalvis, T.H (2003), Avoiding advertising res earch disaster advertisement and the uncertainty principle, Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 10, No. 6